Advanced C Type Qualifiers & Concepts 类型修饰符与其它概念

1. Advanced Type Qualifiers

Qualifiers add special properties to variables. We previously discussed const and volatile. Here is the deep dive into restrict and _Atomic.

A. restrict (Introduced in C99)

• Definition: A keyword used only with pointers.

• The Promise: It tells the compiler that for the lifetime of the pointer, only this specific pointer (or values directly derived from it) will be used to access the object it points to.

• Meaning: "I promise this memory block does not overlap with any other pointer in this scope."

• Purpose: Optimization. It allows the compiler to cache values in registers aggressively because it knows the value won't be changed "behind its back" by another pointer (a concept called pointer aliasing).

• Example:

  c // The compiler assumes src and dst might overlap without 'restrict' // With 'restrict', the compiler can optimize the copy loop. void update_values(int *restrict ptrA, int *restrict ptrB, int *n) { *ptrA += *n; *ptrB += *n; }

B. _Atomic (Introduced in C11)

• Definition: Specifies that access to a variable is atomic (indivisible).

• Use: Crucial for multi-threaded programming. It ensures that reading or writing to the variable cannot be interrupted by another thread, preventing data races without needing explicit locks (mutexes).

• Example:

  c _Atomic int counter = 0; // Thread-safe integer

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2. Storage Class Specifiers

While not "data types" themselves, these keywords determine the lifetime, visibility (scope), and storage location of a variable.

Specifier	Lifetime	Scope	Description
auto	Block	Local	Default for local variables. Stored on the stack.
register	Block	Local	Hint to store the variable in a CPU register for speed (address & cannot be taken).
static	Program	Local/File	Preserves value between function calls (local) or limits visibility to the current file (global).
extern	Program	Global	Declares a variable that is defined in another file (linking).

• Example of static:

  c void counter() { static int count = 0; // Initialized only ONCE count++; printf("%d ", count); } // Calling counter() 3 times prints: 1 2 3 (not 1 1 1)

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3. The typedef Keyword

typedef does not create a new type; it creates a new name (alias) for an existing type. This is vital for code readability and portability.

• Simplifying Complex Types:

  ```c // Without typedef unsigned long long int population;

  // With typedef typedef unsigned long long int uint64; uint64 population; ```

• With Structs:

  ```c typedef struct { int x; int y; } Point;

  Point p1; // No need to write 'struct Point p1' ```

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4. Function Pointers

In C, functions have memory addresses, just like variables. You can store a function's address in a pointer variable. This allows you to pass functions as arguments (callbacks).

• Syntax: ReturnType (*PointerName)(ParameterTypes);

• Example:

  ```c int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }

  int main() { // Declare a function pointer named 'op' int (*op)(int, int);

  // Point it to the 'add' function
  op = add;
  
  // Use it
  int result = op(5, 3); // result is 8
  

  } ```